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1 Kinesiology, Penn State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
2 Physical Therapy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, United States
3 Dept. of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
4 Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mll11{at}psu.edu.
We used the framework of the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis to explore changes in the structure of variability in multi-finger force production tasks when a secondary task was introduced. Healthy young subjects produced several levels of the total force by pressing with the four fingers of the hand on force sensors. The frame with the sensors rested on the table (Stable condition) or on a narrow supporting beam (Unstable conditions) that could be placed between different finger pairs. Most variance in the finger mode space was compatible with a fixed value of the total force across all conditions, while the patterns of sharing of the total force among the fingers were condition dependent. Moment of force was stabilized only in the Unstable conditions. The finger mode data were projected onto the UCM computed for the total force and subjected to the principal component (PC) analysis. Two PCs accounted for over 90% of the variance. The directions of the PC vectors varied across subjects in the Stable condition, while two 'default' PCs were observed under the Unstable conditions. These observations show that different persons coordinate their fingers differently in force production tasks. They converge on similar solutions when an additional constraint is introduced. The use of variable solutions allows avoiding a loss in accuracy of performance when the same elements get involved in another task. Our results suggest a mechanism underlying the principle of superposition suggested in a variety of human and robotic studies.
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