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1 Human Cortical Physiology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1428, USA
2 Biometry and Field Studies Branch, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-9135, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: cathrin.buetefisch{at}uni-duesseldorf.de.
Motor training results in encoding of motor memories, a form of use-dependent plasticity. Here we tested the hypothesis that TMS synchronously applied to a motor cortex engaged in a motor training task could enhance this plastic process. Healthy volunteers were studied in four sessions: training consisting of performance of directionally specific voluntary thumb movements (Train alone), training with TMS delivered during the execution of the training movement in a strictly temporal relationship to the motor cortex contralateral (Train+TMS synchronous contra) and ipsilateral (Train+TMS synchronous ipsi) to the training hand, and training with TMS delivered asynchronous to the training movement to the motor cortex contralateral to the training hand (Train+TMS asynchronous contra). Train alone, Train+TMS synchronous contra, and Train+TMS asynchronous contra but not Train+TMS synchronous ipsi elicited a clear motor memory. The longevity of the encoded memory was significantly enhanced by Train+TMS synchronous contra when compared to Train alone and Train+TMS asynchronous contra. Therefore, use-dependent encoding of a motor memory can be enhanced by synchronous Hebbian stimulation of the motor cortex that drives the training task and reduced by stimulation of the homologous ipsilateral motor cortex, a result relevant for studies of cognitive and physical rehabilitation.
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