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1 Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA; Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
2 Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, NY, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: johnson{at}neuro.duke.edu.
In order to understand the role of primary visual cortex (V1) in color vision, we measured directly the input from the three cone types in macaque V1 neurons. Cells were classified as luminance-preferring, color-luminance, or color-preferring from the ratio of the peak amplitudes of spatial frequency responses to red/green equiluminant and to black/white (luminance) grating patterns, respectively (Johnson et al., 2001). In this study we used L-, M- and S-cone-isolating gratings to measure spatial frequency response functions for each cone type separately. From peak responses to cone-isolating stimuli we estimated relative cone weights and whether cone inputs were the same or opposite sign. For most V1 cells the relative S-cone weight was less than 0.1. All color-preferring cells were cone-opponent and their L/M cone weight ratio was clustered around a value of -1, that is roughly equal and opposite L and M cone signals. Almost all cells (88%) classified as luminance cells were cone non-opponent, with a broad distribution of cone weights. Most cells (73%) classified as color-luminance cells were cone-opponent. This result supports our conclusion (Johnson et al., 2001) that V1 color-luminance cells are double-opponent. Such neurons are more sensitive to color boundaries than to areas of color and thereby could play an important role in color perception. The color-luminance population had a broad distribution of L/M cone weight ratios, implying a broad distribution of preferred colors for the double-opponent cells.
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