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* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: edmund.rolls{at}psy.ox.ac.uk.
To analyse the extent to which populations of neurons encode information in the numbers of spikes each neuron emits or in the relative time of firing of the different neurons that might reflect synchronization, we develop and analyse the performance of an information theoretic approach. The formula quantifies the corrections to the instantaneous information rate which result from correlations in spike emission between pairs of neurons. We show how these cross-cell terms can be separated from the correlations that occur between the spikes emitted by each neuron, the auto-cell terms in the information rate expansion. We also describe a method to test whether the estimate of the amount of information contributed by stimulus-dependent synchronization is significant. With simulated data, we show that the approach can separate very well information arising from the number of spikes emitted by each neuron, from the redundancy which can arise if neurons have common inputs, and from the synergy that can arise if cells have stimulus-dependent synchronization. The usefulness of the approach is also demonstrated by showing how it helps to interpret the encoding shown by neurons in the primate inferior temporal visual cortex. When applied to a sample dataset of such simultaneously recorded inferior temporal cortex neurons the algorithm shows that most of the information is available in the number of spikes emitted by each cell; that there is typically just a small degree (approximately 12%) of redundancy between simultaneously recorded IT neurons; and that there is very little gain of information that arises from stimulus-dependent synchronization effects in these neurons.
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