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1 Department of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
2 Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan
3 Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan; Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington,, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
4 Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Washington National Primate Research Center, University of Washington,, Seattle, Washington 98195, USA
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: kikuro{at}med.hokudai.ac.jp.
The primate frontal cortex contains two areas related to smooth-pursuit: the frontal eye fields (FEF) and supplementary eye fields (SEF). To distinguish the specific role of the SEF in pursuit, we examined discharge of a total of 89 pursuit-related neurons that showed consistent modulation when head-stabilized Japanese monkeys pursued a spot moving sinusoidally in fronto-parallel planes and/or in depth and with or without passive whole body rotation. During smooth-pursuit at different frequencies, 43% of the neurons tested (17/40) exhibited discharge amplitude modulation linearly correlated with eye velocity. During cancellation of the vestibulo-ocular reflex and/or chair rotation in complete darkness, the majority of neurons tested (91%=30/33) responded. However, only 17% of the responding neurons (4/30) were modulated in proportion to gaze (eye-in-space) velocity during pursuit-vestibular interactions. When the monkeys fixated a stationary spot, 20% of neurons tested (7/34) responded to motion of a second spot. Among the neurons tested for both smooth-pursuit and vergence tracking (n=56), 27% (15/56) discharged during both, 62% (35/56) responded during smooth-pursuit only, and 11% (6/56) during vergence tracking only. Phase shifts (re stimulus velocity) of responding neurons during pursuit in frontal and depth planes and during chair rotation remained virtually constant up to 1Hz. These results, together with the robust vestibular-related discharge of most SEF neurons, show that the discharge of the majority of SEF pursuit-related neurons is quite distinct from that of caudal FEF neurons in identical task conditions, suggesting that the two areas are involved in different aspects of pursuit-vestibular interactions including predictive pursuit.
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