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1 School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Physiology, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
2 School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance Research, John P. Robarts Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
3 School of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
4 Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance Research, John P. Robarts Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
5 Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance Research, John P. Robarts Institute, London, Ontario, Canada
6 Laboratory for Magnetic Resonance Research, John P. Robarts Institute, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada; Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: remartin{at}uwo.ca.
Although multiple regions of the cerebral cortex have been implicated in swallowing, the functional contributions of each brain area remain unclear. The present study sought to clarify the roles of these cortical foci in swallowing by comparing brain activation associated with voluntary saliva swallowing and voluntary tongue elevation. Fourteen healthy right-handed subjects were examined with single event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while laryngeal movements associated with swallowing and tongue movement were simultaneously recorded. Both swallowing and tongue elevation activated (a) the left lateral pericentral and anterior parietal cortex, and (b) the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and adjacent supplementary motor area (SMA), suggesting that these brain regions mediate processes shared by swallowing and tongue movement. Tongue elevation activated a larger total volume of cortex than swallowing, with significantly greater activation within the ACC, SMA, right precentral and postcentral gyri, premotor cortex, right putamen and thalamus. While a contrast analysis failed to identify activation foci specific to swallowing, superimposed activation maps suggested that the most lateral extent of the left pericentral and anterior parietal cortex, rostral ACC, precuneus, and right parietal operculum/insula were preferentially activated by swallowing. This finding suggests that these brain areas may mediate processes specific to swallowing. Approximately 60% of the subjects showed a strong functional lateralization of the postcentral gyrus toward the left hemisphere for swallowing, while 40% showed a similar activation bias for the tongue elevation task. This finding supports the view that the oral sensorimotor cortices within the left and right hemispheres are functionally non-equivalent.
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