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1 School of Rehabilitation, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; Institute of Neurology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
2 Department of Physiology, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada; CRIR Research Center, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Canada
3 School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; CRIR Research Center, Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital, Laval, Canada
* To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: mindy.levin{at}mcgill.ca.
Changing the steady state configuration of the body may be an important function of central pattern generators for locomotion and other rhythmical movements. Thereby, muscle activation, forces, and movement may emerge following a natural tendency of the neuromuscular system to achieve the current steady state configuration. To verify that transitions between different steady states occur during rhythmical movements, we asked standing subjects to swing one or both arms synchronously or reciprocally at ~ 0.8 Hz from the shoulder joints. In randomly selected cycles, one arm was transiently arrested by an electromagnetic device. Swinging resumed after some delay and phase resetting. During bilateral swinging, the non-perturbed arm often stopped before resuming swinging at a position that was close to either the extreme forward or the extreme backward arm position observed before the perturbation. Oscillations usually resumed when both arms arrived at similar extreme positions when a synchronous bilateral pattern was initially produced or at the opposite positions if the initial pattern was reciprocal. Results suggest that a central generator controls both arms as a coherent unit by producing transitions between its steady state (equilibrium) positions. By controlling these positions, the system may define the spatial boundaries of movement. At these positions, the system may halt the oscillations, resume them at a new phase, or initiate a new motor action. Our findings are relevant to locomotion and suggest that walking may also be generated by transitions between several equilibrium configurations of the body, possibly accomplished by modulation and gating of proprioceptive reflexes.
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