Little is known about how human motor units respond to chronic paralysis. Our aim was to record surface electromyographic (EMG) signals, twitch forces and tetanic forces from paralyzed motor units in the thenar muscles of individuals (n=12) with chronic (1.5-19 yrs) cervical spinal cord injury (SCI). Each motor unit was activated by intraneural stimulation of its motor axon using single pulses and trains of pulses at frequencies between 5 Hz-100 Hz. Paralyzed motor units (n=48) had small EMGs and weak tetanic forces (n=32 units) but strong twitch forces, resulting in half maximal force being achieved at a median of only 8 Hz. The distributions for cumulative twitch and tetanic forces also separated less for paralyzed units than for control units, indicating that increases in stimulation frequency made a smaller relative contribution to the total force output in paralyzed muscles. Paralysis also induced slowing of conduction velocities, twitch contraction times and EMG durations. However, the elevated ratios between twitch and tetanic forces, but not contractile speed, correlated significantly with the extent to which unit force summated in response to different stimulation frequencies. Despite changes in the absolute values of many electrical and mechanical properties of paralyzed motor units, most of the distributions shifted uniformly relative to those of thenar units obtained from control subjects (Thomas et al. 1990, 1991; Westling et al., 1990). Thus human thenar muscles paralyzed by SCI retain a population of motor units with heterogeneous contractile properties because chronic paralysis influenced all of the motor units similarly.