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J Neurophysiol (March 1, 2003). 10.1152/jn.00817.2002
Submitted on Submitted 16 September 2002; accepted in final form 13 November
2002
University Laboratory of Physiology, Oxford OX1 3PT, United Kingdom
Liu, Xuguang,
Edwin Robertson, and
R. Christopher Miall.
Neuronal Activity Related to the Visual Representation of Arm
Movements in the Lateral Cerebellar Cortex. J. Neurophysiol. 89: 1223-1237, 2003. Testing the hypothesis that
the lateral cerebellum forms a sensory representation of arm movements,
we investigated cortical neuronal activity in two monkeys performing
visually guided step-tracking movements with a manipulandum. A virtual
target and cursor image were viewed co-planar with the manipulandum. In
the normal task, manipulandum and cursor moved in the same direction;
in the mirror task, the cursor was left-right reversed. In one monkey,
70- and 200-ms time delays were introduced on cursor movement.
Significant task-related activity was recorded in 31 cells in one
animal and 142 cells in the second: 10.2% increased activity before
arm movements onset, 77.1% during arm movement, and 12.7% after the
new position was reached. To test for neural representation of the
visual outcome of movement, firing rate modulation was compared in
normal and mirror step-tracking. Most task-related neurons (68%)
showed no significant directional modulation. Of 70 directionally
sensitive cells, almost one-half (n = 34, 48%)
modulated firing with a consistent cursor movement direction, many
fewer responding to the manipulandum direction (n = 9, 13%). For those "cursor-related" cells tested with delayed cursor
movement, increased activity onset was time-locked to arm movement and
not cursor movement, but activation duration was extended by an amount
similar to the applied delay. Hence, activity returned to baseline
about when the delayed cursor reached the target. We conclude that many
cells in the lateral cerebellar cortex signaled the direction of cursor
movement during active step-tracking. Such a predictive representation
of the arm movement could be used in the guidance of visuo-motor actions.
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