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J Neurophysiol (May 1, 2003). 10.1152/jn.00968.2002
Submitted on Submitted 25 October 2002; accepted in final form 14 January 2003
Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles 90032; and Veterans Affairs, Greater Los Angeles Health Care System Medical Center, North Hills, California 91343
Peever, John H.,
Yuan-Yang Lai, and
Jerome M. Siegel.
Excitatory Effects of Hypocretin-1 (Orexin-A) in the Trigeminal
Motor Nucleus Are Reversed by NMDA Antagonism. J. Neurophysiol. 89: 2591-2600, 2003. Hypocretin-1 and
-2 (Hcrt-1 and -2, also called orexin-A and -B) are newly identified
neuropeptides synthesized by hypothalamic neurons. Defects in the Hcrt
system underlie the sleep disorder narcolepsy, which is characterized
by sleep fragmentation and the involuntary loss of muscle tone called
cataplexy. Hcrt neurons project to multiple brain regions including
cranial and spinal motor nuclei. In vitro studies suggest that Hcrt
application can modulate presynaptic glutamate release. Together these
observations suggest that Hcrt can affect motor output and that
glutamatergic processes may be involved. We addressed these issues in
decerebrate cats by applying Hcrt-1 and -2 into the trigeminal motor
nucleus to determine whether these ligands alter masseter muscle
activity and by pretreating the trigeminal motor nucleus with a
N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) antagonist to
determine if glutamatergic pathways are involved in the transduction of
the Hcrt signal. We found that Hcrt-1 and -2 microinjections into the
trigeminal motor nucleus increased ipsilateral masseter muscle tone in
a dose-dependent manner. We also found that Hcrt application into the
hypoglossal motor nucleus increases genioglossus muscle activity.
Pretreatment with a NMDA antagonist
(D-(
)-2-amino-phosphonovaleric acid) abolished the excitatory response of the masseter muscle to Hcrt-1 application; however, pretreatment with methysergide, a serotonin antagonist had no
effect. These studies are the first to demonstrate that Hcrt causes the
excitation of motoneurons and that functional NMDA receptors are
required for this response. We suggest that Hcrt regulates motor
control processes and that this regulation is mediated by glutamate
release in the trigeminal motor nucleus.
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