Supragranular long-term potentiation (LTP) and depression (LTD) are continuously induced in the pathway from layer 4 during the critical period in the rodent primary visual cortex, which limits the supragranular long-term synaptic plasticity from being a synaptic model for the mechanism of ocular dominance (OD) plasticity. The results of the present study demonstrate that the pulse duration of extracellular stimulation to evoke a field potential (FP) is critical to induction of LTP and LTD in this pathway. LTP and LTD were induced in the pathway from layer 4 to layer 2/3 in slices from 3-week-old rats when FPs were evoked by 0.1- and 0.2-ms pulses. LTP and LTD were induced in slices from 5-week-old rats when evoked by stimulation with a 0.2-ms pulse, but not by stimulation with a 0.1-ms pulse. Both the inhibitory component of FP and the IPSP/EPSP amplitude ratio evoked by stimulation with a 0.1-ms pulse were greater than the values elicited by a 0.2-ms pulse. Stimulation with a 0.1-ms pulse at various intensities that showed the similar inhibitory FP component with the 0.2-ms pulse induced both LTD and LTP in 5-week-old rats. Thus, extracellular stimulation with shorter-duration pulses at higher intensity resulted in greater inhibition than that observed with longer-duration pulses at low intensity. This increased inhibition might be involved in the age-dependent decline of synaptic plasticity during the critical period. These results provide an alternative synaptic model for the mechanism of OD plasticity.