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J Neurophysiol 96: 284-298, 2006. First published April 12, 2006; doi:10.1152/jn.01361.2005
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Orexin Neurons Are Directly and Indirectly Regulated by Catecholamines in a Complex Manner

Akihiro Yamanaka1,2,3,*, Yo Muraki1,*, Kanako Ichiki1, Natsuko Tsujino1, Thomas S. Kilduff3, Katsutoshi Goto1 and Takeshi Sakurai1,2

1Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, and 2ERATO Yanagisawa Orphan Receptor Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Tokyo, Japan; and 3Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, SRI International, Menlo Park, California

Submitted 27 December 2005; accepted in final form 6 April 2006

We reported elsewhere that orexin neurons are directly hyperpolarized by noradrenaline (NA) and dopamine. In the present study, we show that NA, dopamine, and adrenaline all directly hyperpolarized orexin neurons. This response was inhibited by the {alpha}2 adrenergic receptor ({alpha}2-AR) antagonist, idazoxan or BRL44408, and was mimicked by the {alpha}2-AR-selective agonist, UK14304. A low concentration of Ba2+ inhibited NA-induced hyperpolarization, which suggests that activation of G protein coupled inward rectifier potassium channels is involved in the response. In the presence of a high concentration of idazoxan, NA induced depolarization or inward current. This response was inhibited by {alpha}1-AR antagonist, prazosin, which suggests the existence of {alpha}1-ARs on the orexin neurons along with {alpha}2-AR. We also examined the effects of NA on glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic transmission. NA application dramatically increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous inhibitory synaptic currents (sIPSCs) and inhibited excitatory synaptic currents (sEPSCs) in orexin neurons; however, NA decreased the frequency of miniature EPSCs (mEPSCs) and IPSCs and the amplitude of evoked EPSCs and IPSCs through the {alpha}2-AR, because the NA response on mPSCs was inhibited by idazoxan. These results suggest that the NA-induced increase in sIPSC frequency and amplitude is mediated via {alpha}1-ARs on the somata of GABAergic neurons that innervate the orexin neurons. Calcium imaging using orexin/YC2.1 transgenic mouse brain revealed that NA-induced inhibition of orexin neurons is not altered by sleep deprivation or circadian time in mice. The evidence presented here revealed that orexin neurons are regulated by catecholamines in a complex manner.

Address for reprint requests and other correspondence: Akihiro Yamanaka, Ph.D., Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Graduate School of Comprehensive Human Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8575, Japan (E-mail: yamank{at}md.tsukuba.ac.jp)




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