Article Figures & Data
Figures
- Fig. 1.
Schematic presentation of the water flow-through system mounted in the bore of the magnet (see also Fig. 2 A) and connected to an aquarium and a set of control and monitoring devices to ensure the appropriate experimentally defined environmental parameters during the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) experiment; 1, thermostat; 2, 100-l aquarium; 3, pump; 4, aeration; 5, bubbling with nitrogen; 6, flow rate, oxygen level, temperature and pH control; 7, water inflow; 8, Helmholtz-like radio frequency coil; 9, water outflow; 10, animal temperature control.
- Fig. 2.
A: animal-holding device containing an anesthetized crucian carp. A constant irrigation of the gills is ensured by a continuous flow of water (containing 0.011% MS 222 as anesthetic) through a tube fixed in the mouth of the fish (500 ml/min).B: dedicated RF headphone antenna. C: animal-holding device with RF antenna mounted such that it allows MRI of the head. This set-up is inserted in the bore of the magnet of the magnetic resonance instrument.
- Fig. 3.
High-resolution MRIs obtained on anesthetized common carp (A, 1–12) and crucian carp (B, 1–12). The image resolution is 156 μm. A1 and B1: a midsagittal image through the head of the fish showing the brain and the spinal cord.A2 and B2: the same image but with superimposed, the horizontal magnetic resonance sectioning plane with consecutive slices of 1-mm thickness (from 3 to12). A, 3–12, and B, 3–12, represent an entire set of consecutive horizontal MRIs showing the following structures: h, hypothalamus; ot, optic tectum; vl, vagal lobe; sc, spinal cord; t, telencephalon; cb, cerebellum.
- Fig. 4.
Percent change (mean ± SD) vs. normoxic value of the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) as monitored on-line in different regions of the brain of common carp submitted to normoxia (control situation), 2 h anoxia, and 100 min of normoxic recovery.One-sample 2-sided t-test comparison with initial normoxic situation (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). Absolute (mean ± SD) normoxic ADC value for optic lobes was 397 ± 80 × 10− 12 m2/s, for vagal lobes was 388 ± 52 × 10− 12 m2/s, for hypothalamus was 451 ± 78 × 10− 12 m2/s, for telencephalon was 429 ± 34 × 10− 12 m2/s, and for cerebellum was 332 ± 84 × 10− 12m2/s.
- Fig. 5.
Percent change (mean ± SD) vs. normoxic value of the T2 as monitored on-line in different regions of the brain of common carp submitted to normoxia (control situation), 2 h anoxia, and 100 min of normoxic recovery. One-sample 2-sided t-test comparison with initial normoxic situation (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). Absolute (mean ± SD) normoxic T2 value for optic lobes was 58 ± 9 ms, for vagal lobes was 57 ± 7 ms, for hypothalamus was 64 ± 13 ms, for telencephalon was 61 ± 9 ms, and for cerebellum was 48 ± 3 ms.
- Fig. 6.
Mean brain volume (mm3) (±SD) of common carp (n = 5) and crucian carp (n = 5) as measured on-line when the carp were exposed to changing oxygen concentrations: starting with normoxia, followed by 2 h anoxia and subsequent 100 min of normoxic recovery.
- Fig. 7.
In vivo high-resolution MRIs obtained from the same common carp on normoxia (A), 2 h anoxia (B), and 100 min normoxic recovery after 2 h anoxia (C). The images are obtained at different levels in the brain, from hypothalamus (far left) up to the level of the optic and vagal lobes (far right) and illustrate the disappearance of the ventricles (e.g., the hyperintense structures in the optic lobe seen on the images of the 3rd and 4th columns) and the slight broadening of the brain on anoxia and normoxic recovery.
- Fig. 8.
Percent change (mean ± SD) vs. normoxic value of the ADC as monitored on-line in different regions of the brain of crucian carp submitted to normoxia (control situation), 2 h anoxia, and 100 min of normoxic recovery. One-sample 2-sided t-test comparison with initial normoxic situation (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). Absolute (mean ± SD) normoxic ADC value for optic lobes was 508 ± 40 × 10− 12m2/s, for vagal lobes was 472 ± 86 × 10− 12 m2/s, for hypothalamus was 553 ± 56 × 10− 12 m2/s, for telencephalon was 513 ± 62 × 10− 12 m2/s, and for cerebellum was 395 ± 34 × 10− 12m2/s.
- Fig. 9.
Percent change (mean ± SD) vs. normoxic value of T2as monitored on-line in different regions of the brain of crucian carp submitted to normoxia (control situation), 2 h anoxia, and 100 min of normoxic recovery. One-sample 2-sided t-test comparison with initial normoxic situation (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001). Absolute (mean ± SD) normoxic T2 value for optic lobes was 44 ± 1 ms, for vagal lobes was 44 ± 3 ms, for hypothalamus was 50 ± 1 ms, for telencephalon was 50 ± 1 ms, and for cerebellum was 44 ± 1 ms.
- Fig. 10.
ADC values (mean ± SD) determined in different regions of the crucian carp brain under normoxia (control situation,n = 5), 1 h anoxia (n = 5), 2 h anoxia (n = 5), 5 h anoxia (n = 5), 24 h anoxia (n = 5), and 100 min of normoxic recovery after 24 h anoxia (n = 5). Two-sample, 2-sided t-test comparison with initial normoxic situation (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).
- Fig. 11.
T2 values (mean ± SD) determined in different regions of the crucian carp brain under normoxia (control situation), 1 h anoxia, 2 h anoxia, 5 h anoxia, 24 h anoxia, and 100 min of normoxic recovery after 24 h anoxia. Two-sample, 2-sidedt-test comparison with initial normoxic situation (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001).
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